![]() Physiological cardiac hypertrophy in response to exercise training differs in its structural and molecular profile to pathological hypertrophy associated with pressure or volume overload in disease. Cardiac hypertrophy that occurs in athletes (physiological hypertrophy) is a notable exception. ![]() Cardiac enlargement is a characteristic of most forms of heart failure. In general, cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in heart mass) is a poor prognostic sign. For example, cardiac hypertrophy occurs secondary to hypertension and hemodynamic overload, which eventually results in heart failure when myocyte enlargement is unable to compensate for increased cardiac burden 1.1. The initial result may be adaptive to overcome stress, however the end result is maladaptive when compensatory mechanisms fail. Pathological hypertrophy occurs due to stimulation secondary to a pathological mechanism. Physiological hypertrophy can also be seen secondary to growth factors in the gravid uterus, which enlarges to accommodate a growing fetus 1. For example, increased use of skeletal muscle results in hypertrophy. Physiological hypertrophy occurs due to increased utility of an organ or stimulation by growth factors and hormones. Hypertrophy can be physiological or pathological. This is in contrast to hyperplasia, which is an increase in the number of cells, although both processes frequently co-occur. ![]() Hypertrophy is a term describing an increase in the size of cells. It occurs due to an increase in synthesis of intracellular proteins and other cellular components, often in response to an invoking stimulus/stress, which will result in an increase in the size of an organ. ![]()
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